translation assignment

SL: Cara Cegah Stres Saat Sedang Menurunkan Berat Badan SL: Jakarta, Stres yang sangat tinggi seringkali membuat orang makan tidak terkontrol dalam upaya memenuhi kebutuhan emosional. Hal tersebut kadang-kadang disebut sebagai stres makan atau makan secara emosional. Jika stres datang dan keinginan makan besar muncul sementara Anda sedang melakukan diet, lakukan ini. SL: Orang stres cenderung untuk makan makanan yang berkalori tinggi selama merasakan stres. Hal tersebut bahkan tetap dilakukan meskipun sedang tidak lapar sama sekali. Untuk mencegah kenaikan berat badan selama stres dan mengurangi risiko obesitas, maka harus dapat mengontrol stres yang sedang dialami. SL: Ketika seseorang sedang merasa tidak terlalu stres dan lebih dapat memegang kendali hidup, maka mungkin lebih mudah untuk melakukan pola makan sehat dan menjaga kebiasaan olahraga secara rutin. SL: Seperti dikutip dari Mayolinic, Senin (12/11/2011), teknik manajemen stres untuk mengatasi stres yang menyebabkan kenaikan berat badan antara lain: SL: 1. Kenali tanda-tanda dari stress Tanda-tanda dari stres dapat seperti kecemasan, mudah tersinggung, dan ketegangan otot. SL: 2. Sebelum makan, tanyakan pada diri sendiri mengapa Anda makan Pertanyaan tersebut berguna untuk mengetahui apakah benar-benar merasa lapar atau karena merasa stres atau cemas. SL: 3. Jika tergoda untuk makan saat tidak lapar Maka berusaha menemukan gangguan dan menyingkirkannya, dengan menghindari makanan tersebut ketika tidak pada jam yang merupakan jadwal makan. SL: 4. Jangan melewatkan jadwal makan Jangan melewatkan jadwal makan terutama sarapan pagi, karena hal tersebut justru akan membuat seseorang tidak dapat mengontrol porsi makan saat makan siang atau makan malam. SL: 5. Menyingkirkan makanan yang dapat mengganggu usaha mengontrol makan Mengidentifikasi untuk kemudian menyingkirkan makanan-makanan yang seringkali menggoda untuk di makan, dari rumah atau kantor. SL: 6. Simpanlah catatan perilaku dan kebiasaan makan Hal tersebut dilakukan agar dapat mencari pola dan hubungan dan kemudian mencari cara untuk mengatasinya. SL: 7. Pelajari keterampilan pemecahan masalah Hal tersebut dilakukan agar dapat mengantisipasi tantangan dan mengatasi memburuknya masalah yang sedang dihadapi. SL: 8. Mempraktikkan keterampilan relaksasi Hal tersebut dapat membuat seseorang lebih rileks dan dapat berpikir dengan lebih jernih. Relaksasi dapat dilakukan dengan yoga, pijat, atau meditasi. SL: 9. Latihan fisik atau olahraga secara teratur Latihan fisik atau olahraga secara teratur dapat membuat seseorang lebih dapat rileks dan terhibur. SL: 10. Dapatkan tidur yang cukup Tidur dengan kualitas dan kuantitas yang cukup dapat memiliki berbagai manfaat, termasuk bermanfaat memberikan pikiran yang jernih saat seseorang sedang menyelesaikan masalah. SL: 11. Dapatkan dukungan dari teman dan keluarga Dukungan dari teman dan keluarga tentunya dapat menguatkan seseorang yang sedang menghadapi masalah yang cukup berat, sehingga dapat mengurangi stres akibat masalah tersebut. SL: Stres yang berhasil dikelola dengan baik, tentunya tidak akan menyebabkan peningkatan berat badan karena tidak dapat mengontrol pola makan sehat. Jika telah mencoba teknik manajemen stres tersebut, tetapi tampaknya tidak membantu, pertimbangkan untuk mencari bantuan profesional melalui psikoterapi atau konseling. Dikutip dari Detik.com

The Whale Sound

Roger Dean Kiser

"Leave him alone" I yelled as I walked out of the orphanage gate and saw several of the Spring Park School bullies pushing the deaf kid around. I did not know the boy at all but I knew that we were about the same age, because of his size. He lived in the old white house across the street from the orphanage where I lived. I had seen him on his front porch several times doing absolutely nothing, except just sitting there making funny like hand movements. In the summer time we didn't get much to eat for Sunday supper, except watermelon and then we had to eat it outside behind the dining room so we would not make a mess on the tables inside. About the only time that I would see him was through the high chain-link fence that surrounded the orphanage when we ate our watermelon outside. The deaf kid started making all kind of hand signals, real fast like. "You are a stupid idiot" said the bigger of the two bullies as he pushed the boy down on the ground. The other bully ran around behind the boy and kicked him as hard as he could in the back. The deaf boy's body started shaking all over and he curled up in a ball trying to shield and hide his face. He looked like he was trying to cry, or something but he just couldn't make any sounds, I don't think. I ran as fast as I could back through the orphanage gate and into the thick azalea bushes. I uncovered my home-made bow which I had constructed out of bamboo and string. I grabbed four arrows that were also made of bamboo and they had coca cola tops bent around the ends to make real sharp tips. Then I ran back out the gate with an arrow cocked in the bow and I just stood there quiet like, breathing real hard just daring either one of them to kick or touch the boy again. "You're a dumb freak just like him you big eared creep" said one of the boys as he grabbed his friend and backed off far enough so that the arrow would not hit them. "If you're so brave kick him again now" I said, shaking like a leaf. The bigger of the two bullies ran up and kicked the deaf boy in the middle of his back as hard as he could and then he ran out of arrow range again. < 2 > The boy jerked about and then made a sound that I will never forget for as long as I live. It was the sound like a whale makes when it has been harpooned and knows that it is about to die. I fired all four of my arrows at the two bullies as they ran away laughing about what they had done. I pulled the boy up off the ground and helped him back to his house which was about two blocks down the street from the school building. When we reached his home his sister told me that her brother was deaf but that he was not dumb like the two bullies said. That he was very smart but could not say or hear anything. I told her that he did make a sound when the bully kicked him in the back. She told me that I must be mistaken because all her brother's vocal cords had been removed during an experimental surgery, which had failed. The boy made one of those hand signs at me as I was about to leave. I asked his sister "if your brother is so smart then why is he doing things like that with his hands?" She told me that he was saying that he loved me with his hands. I didn't say anything back to her at all because I didn't believe her. People can't talk with their hands and everybody knows that. People can only talk with their mouth. Almost every Sunday for the next year or two I could see the boy through the chain-link fence as we ate watermelon outside behind the dining room, during the summer time. He always made that same funny hand sign at me and I would just wave back at him, not knowing what else to do. On my very last day in the orphanage I was being chased by the police. They told me that I was being sent off to the Florida School for Boys Reform School, at Marianna so I ran to get away from them. They chased me around the dining room building several times and finally I made a dash for the chain-link fence and tried to climb over in order to escape. I saw the deaf boy sitting there on his porch just looking at me as they pulled me down from the fence and handcuffed me. The boy, now about twelve jumped up and ran across San Diego Road, placed his fingers through the chain-link fence and just stood there looking at us. < 3 > They dragged me by my legs, screaming and yelling for more than several hundred yards through the dirt and pine-straw to the waiting police car. All I could hear the entire time was the high pitched sound of that whale being harpooned again. As we pulled away in the police car I saw the deaf boy loosen his grip on the fence and slide very slowly to the ground and lower his head into the leaves and pine straw. That is when I realized that he probably really did love me and he wanted to save me because he thought that I too was making the whale sound. http://www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/UBooks/WhalSoun.shtml

butterfly

Roger Dean Kiser

Butterflies

SL: There was a time in my life when beauty meant something special to me. I guess that would have been when I was about six or seven years old, just several weeks or maybe a month before the orphanage turned me into an old man.
TL: Ada suatu masa dalam hidupku ketika sesuatu menjadi spesial untukku. Aku rasakan itu ketika usiaku sekitar 6 atau 7 tahun,ketika beberapa minggu, atau beberapa bulan sebelum panti asuhan mengembalikanku ke seorang wanita tua.
SL: I would get up every morning at the orphanage, make my bed just like the little soldier that I had become and then I would get into one of the two straight lines and march to breakfast with the other twenty or thirty boys who also lived in my dormitory.
TL: Aku selalu bangun pagi di panti, aku menata tempat tidurku seperti seorang tentara kecil dan akupun harus berbaris dalam 2 barisan dan menunggu untuk makan pagi dengan 20 atau 30 anak laki – laki lainnya yag tinggal di asrama.
SL: After breakfast one Saturday morning I returned to the dormitory and saw the house parent chasing the beautiful monarch butterflies who lived by the hundreds in the azalea bushes strewn around the orphanage.
TL: Setelah sarapan pagi di Sabtu pagi, aku kembali ke asrama, aku melihat seorang penjaga asrama sedang berusaha menangkap ratu kupu-kupu yang hidup bergerombol di cabang azalea disekeliling panti.
SL: I carefully watched as he caught these beautiful creatures, one after the other, and then took them from the net and then stuck straight pins through their head and wings, pinning them onto a heavy cardboard sheet.
TL: Dengan hati –hati ku menonton bagaimana dia menangkap mahluk yang indah itu, satu demi satu, diangkatnya dari jaring, lalu diambilnya dengan memegang kepala dan sayapnya,dan menempelnya pada lembaran papan kertas yang berat.
SL: How cruel it was to kill something of such beauty. I had walked many times out into the bushes, all by myself, just so the butterflies could land on my head, face and hands so I could look at them up close.
TL: Dengan ganasnya dia membuuh mahluk yang indah itu. Walaupun aku setiap saat berjalan di cabang – cabang pohon itu, namun tidak sama sekali kupu – kupu tersebut mendarat di kepalaku, wajah maupun tanganku bahkan menangkapnya.
SL: When the telephone rang the house parent laid the large cardboard paper down on the back cement step and went inside to answer the phone. I walked up to the cardboard and looked at the one butterfly who he had just pinned to the large paper. It was still moving about so I reached down and touched it on the wing causing one of the pins to fall out. It started flying around and around trying to get away but it was still pinned by the one wing with the other straight pin. Finally it's wing broke off and the butterfly fell to the ground and just quivered.
TL: ketika telepeon bordering, penjaga panti menaruh papan kertas di bawah jalan setapak dan bergegas mengangkat telepon tersebut.
I picked up the torn wing and the butterfly and I spat on it's wing and tried to get it to stick back on so it could fly away and be free before the house parent came back. But it would not stay on him.


< 2 >
The next thing I knew the house parent came walking back out of the back door by the garbage room and started yelling at me. I told him that I did not do anything but he did not believe me. He picked up the cardboard paper and started hitting me on the top of the head. There were all kinds of butterfly pieces going everywhere. He threw the cardboard down on the ground and told me to pick it up and put it in the garbage can inside the back room of the dormitory and then he left.
I sat there in the dirt, by that big old tree, for the longest time trying to fit all the butterfly pieces back together so I could bury them whole, but it was too hard to do. So I prayed for them and then I put them in an old torn up shoe box and I buried them in the bottom of the fort that I had built in the ground, out by the large bamboos, near the blackberry bushes.
Every year when the butterflies would return to the orphanage and try to land on me I would try and shoo them away because they did not know that the orphanage was a bad place to live and a very bad place to die.

procedure of translation

Translation Techniques

by Gabriela Bosco

As somebody who has been translating professionally for over 15 years now, I must confess the topic of Translation Techniques poses somewhat of a challenge; trying to pin down strategies that you use almost intuitively every day of your life becomes a rather difficult task.

That is why I decided to outline a widely-accepted list of translation techniques in the hope that the reader may become interested in knowing a little bit more about translation and its nuances.
Direct Translation Techniques

Direct Translation Techniques are used when structural and conceptual elements of the source language can be transposed into the target language. Direct translation techniques include:

* Borrowing
* Calque
* Literal Translation

Borrowing

Borrowing is the taking of words directly from one language into another without translation. Many English words are "borrowed" into other languages; for example software in the field of technology and funk in culture. English also borrows numerous words from other languages; abbatoire, café, passé and résumé from French; hamburger and kindergarten from German; bandana, musk and sugar from Sanskrit.

Borrowed words are often printed in italics when they are considered to be "foreign".
Calque

A calque or loan translation (itself a calque of German Lehnübersetzung) is a phrase borrowed from another language and translated literally word-for-word. You often see them in specialized or internationalized fields such as quality assurance (aseguramiento de calidad, assurance qualité taken from English). Examples that have been absorbed into English include standpoint and beer garden from German Standpunkt and Biergarten; breakfast from French déjeuner (which now means lunch in Europe, but maintains the same meaning of breakfast in Québec). Some calques can become widely accepted in the target language (such as standpoint, beer garden and breakfast and Spanish peso mosca and Casa Blanca from English flyweight and White House). The meaning other calques can be rather obscure for most people, especially when they relate to specific vocations or subjects such as science and law. Solución de compromiso is a Spanish legal term taken from the English compromise solution and although Spanish attorneys understand it, the meaning is not readily understood by the layman. An unsuccessful calque can be extremely unnatural, and can cause unwanted humor, often interpreted as indicating the lack of expertise of the translator in the target language.
Literal Translation

A word-for-word translation can be used in some languages and not others dependent on the sentence structure: El equipo está trabajando para terminar el informe would translate into English as The team is working to finish the report. Sometimes it works and sometimes it does not. For example, the Spanish sentence above could not be translated into French or German using this technique because the French and German sentence structures are different. And because one sentence can be translated literally across languages does not mean that all sentences can be translated literally. El equipo experimentado está trabajando para terminar el informe translates into English as The experienced team is working to finish the report ("experienced" and "team" are reversed).
Oblique Translation Techniques

Oblique Translation Techniques are used when the structural or conceptual elements of the source language cannot be directly translated without altering meaning or upsetting the grammatical and stylistics elements of the target language.

Oblique translation techniques include:

* Transposition
* Modulation
* Reformulation or Equivalence
* Adaptation
* Compensation

Transposition

This is the process where parts of speech change their sequence when they are translated (blue ball becomes boule bleue in French). It is in a sense a shift of word class. Grammatical structures are often different in different languages. He likes swimming translates as Er schwimmt gern in German. Transposition is often used between English and Spanish because of the preferred position of the verb in the sentence: English often has the verb near the beginning of a sentence; Spanish can have it closer to the end. This requires that the translator knows that it is possible to replace a word category in the target language without altering the meaning of the source text, for example: English Hand knitted (noun + participle) becomes Spanish Tejido a mano (participle + adverbial phrase).
Modulation

Modulation consists of using a phrase that is different in the source and target languages to convey the same idea: Te lo dejo means literally I leave it to you but translates better as You can have it. It changes the semantics and shifts the point of view of the source language. Through modulation, the translator generates a change in the point of view of the message without altering meaning and without generating a sense of awkwardness in the reader of the target text. It is often used within the same language. The expressions es fácil de entender (it is easy to understand) and no es complicado de entender (it is not complicated to understand) are examples of modulation. Although both convey the same meaning, it is easy to understand simply conveys "easiness" whereas it is not complicated to understand implies a previous assumption of difficulty that we are denying by asserting it is not complicated to understand. This type of change of point of view in a message is what makes a reader say: "Yes, this is exactly how we say it in our language".
Reformulation or Equivalence

Here you have to express something in a completely different way, for example when translating idioms or advertising slogans. The process is creative, but not always easy. Would you have translated the movie The Sound of Music into Spanish as La novicia rebelde (The Rebellious Novice in Latin America) or Sonrisas y lágrimas (Smiles and Tears in Spain)?
Adaptation

Adaptation occurs when something specific to one language culture is expressed in a totally different way that is familiar or appropriate to another language culture. It is a shift in cultural environment. Should pincho (a Spanish restaurant menu dish) be translated as kebab in English? It involves changing the cultural reference when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture (for example France has Belgian jokes and England has Irish jokes).
Compensation

In general terms compensation can be used when something cannot be translated, and the meaning that is lost is expressed somewhere else in the translated text. Peter Fawcett defines it as: "...making good in one part of the text something that could not be translated in another". One example given by Fawcett is the problem of translating nuances of formality from languages that use forms such as Spanish informal tú and formal usted, French tu and vous, and German du and sie into English which only has 'you', and expresses degrees of formality in different ways.

As Louise M. Haywood from the University of Cambridge puts it, "we have to remember that translation is not just a movement between two languages but also between two cultures. Cultural transposition is present in all translation as degrees of free textual adaptation departing from maximally literal translation, and involves replacing items whose roots are in the source language culture with elements that are indigenous to the target language. The translator exercises a degree of choice in his or her use of indigenous features, and, as a consequence, successful translation may depend on the translator's command of cultural assumptions in each language in which he or she works".

If you are interested in reading further on the subject, please refer to Peter Fawcett, Translation and Language, St. Jerome, Manchester, 1997 (especially Chapter 4 on Translation Techniques).
adapted from:interproinc.com/articles.asp?id=0303